The Code of Ethics of a Company - 2068 Words

Code of Ethics A code of ethics represents a value statement of a company, its directors and its employees. It is the expected behavior tone that needs to be practiced in the company. It is considered to be a subsection of the ongoing mentoring program for ethical decision making. This program helps in preventing misconduct at workplace. For effective execution, this program requires continuous compliance monitoring along with constant reports to the top management. Code of ethics is a written policy communicated to the consumers and media by placing it on the company website. For the present study, I am selecting Oxfams code of ethics. Oxfams Values Accountability and Integrity: The company and its members are required to deliver their results on the committed date to the customer and, if found any errors, will be responsible to fix them on urgent basis. Security and Safety: The safety and security of the employees as well as the public is of supreme importance. Customer Focus: The company establishment clause defines the existence to meet the needs of the customers. It also emphasizes on the level of trust that exists between the members. Members are promised to be treated fairly and respectfully. Corporate Social responsibility: The company establishment purpose recognizes to support the social welfare causes so as to improve the quality of life. Fairness Policy: The Company seeks to practice fair policy that may be apparent in all procedures whetherShow MoreRelatedCompany Code of Ethics Essay827 Words   |  4 PagesCompany Code of Ethics The Company code of ethics will cover all employees within our organization. The Code of ethics is essential for corporations today to remain in business and abide by their federal and state government regulations. Ethical training programs will exist ever corporation and are given to each employee usually the first day of employment and renewed on the annual basics. An ethical conflict occurs when people will encounter situations that they cannot easily control or resolvedRead MoreThe Principles Of The Code Of Ethics Of A Company1143 Words   |  5 Pagesable to select and justify their top three business principles after teaching them the seven principles of the code of ethics of a company. Students will be able to individually explain the direct relationship that exists between a code of ethics and how it plays out with social responsibility. Students will understand and therefore recall specific principles they would like their company to use when they become entrepreneurs. Expectations: The audience will participate in discussions with enthusiasmRead MoreCode of Ethics for a Fictional Company1466 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Code of Ethics for Fictional Company I. Objective The objective of this study is to create a code of ethics for a fictional company. Included will be Guiding Principles and a stated Purpose of the Code along with Core Values, Training and Education, Definitions, the employees that are covered under this code of ethics, how it will be implemented and communicated as well as enforced and reported. II. Introduction The fictional company in this study is a home health care agency that sends outRead MoreCompany X Code Of Ethics1156 Words   |  5 PagesCompany X Code of Ethics Purpose The Code of Ethics is to be used as a guide of the company values. This information will inform employees about the core values of Company X, along with an understanding of why having a commitment to the ethical conduct is a necessity. Standards and Procedures Standards of ethical behavior apply to every employee of Company X. This will guide Company Xs’ employees to make ethical decisions. 1. Follow HIPPA Privacy Rules HIPAA Privacy Rules are established standardsRead MoreThe Company s Code Of Ethics1145 Words   |  5 Pages2 INTRODUCTION Jim Goodnight is the CEO of SAS and has lead the company since 1976.Jim has brought innovations and corporate culture by his commitment and visions to meet the highest technology and work-balanced. SAS which stand for â€Å"Statistical Analysis System† have values and work on them to meet the highest standards and overcome boundaries to reach the future with great expertise and tangible results. In fact, SAS are committed to the highest ethical standards in its dealings with colleaguesRead MoreEth 316 Company Code of Ethics1035 Words   |  5 PagesCompany Code of Ethics Company Code of Ethics Wal-Mart was started over fifty years ago in Arkansas and within those fifty years has emerged into the largest retailer in the world. Wal-Mart operates in many countries with thousands of stores and millions of employees. One reason for Wal-Mart’s is the value and hard work they put into upholding their code of ethics. Wal-Mart has three basic beliefs – respect for the individual, service to their customers, and striving for excellence. Of theRead MoreCode of Ethics Conduct Coca-Cola Company3157 Words   |  13 PagesEnvironment Code of Ethics Conduct Coca-Cola Company Richard Bonds Dr. J. A. Anderson, Sr. Date May, 31 2014 Abstract Coca-Cola Company or Coke s the largest distributor of soft drinks in the world. Businesses such as Coke and other corporations set a strict code of ethics laws to live by and operate upon. This paper will illustrate the code of ethics of Coke the industry leaders and two of its partners/competitors PepsiCo and Dr. Pepper/Snapple Co. and the similarities of their ethics codeRead MoreEssay on Est1 Code of Ethics Company G1303 Words   |  6 PagesGiven Company| Ethics Program| | Patti BowenWestern Governors University| | Given Company Ethics Program A. INTRODUCTION Our Code of Ethics Program is designed to uphold the interests of every stakeholder of Given Company. Our mission is to uphold a high level of integrity by maintaining high company standards, values and principles to ensure the company meets its mission of being a good corporate citizen who is socially responsible. Our program provides effective guidance for dailyRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics : The Star Financial And Tax Solutions Company Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction A Code of Ethics is placed to act as a guideline to specific values, ethics, organization objectives, and the responsibilities of the specific organization. The code of ethics acts a guideline and template for the behavior for both internal employees and also towards employees externally. Being the cornerstone of operations, The Star Financial and Tax Solutions Company operations are guided by the following Code of Ethics: 1. Legal Compliance-the employees should adhere to the rule ofRead MoreEstablishing a Code of Ethics: Planning Implementation and Evaluation Strategies within a Company1472 Words   |  6 Pagesestablishing a code of ethics, its planning, and implementation and evaluation strategies within a company. After brainstorming about the ethical values for the company it will be easier for the company to support non-profit organization as much as possible. A-Develop an appropriate standards and procedures section, such as a code of ethics. This Code of ethics is supported by the following essential assumptions: For the purpose of achieving the objectives of the companies, ethics are very important

The New Imperialism Of The Late Nineteenth Century

Melania Fernandez Professor MacLeod History 102 Final Exam May 9, 2016 PART I Part I: 2 Long Essays (70 points) 2. What were the causes of the New Imperialism of the late nineteenth century? What were some of the arguments to justify this imperialism? What were the results or consequences of this imperialism? 4. Considering the period 1933 to 1945, analyze the economic, diplomatic, and military reasons for Germany’s defeat in the Second World War. Causes and Effects of The New Imperialism in World Wars What is the New Imperialism and what were the cause and effects in the World Wars in order to understand what is the â€Å"New Imperialism†, we must first learn and define Imperialism: a policy or practice by which a country increases its power by gaining control over other areas of the world: the effect that a powerful country or group of countries has in changing or influencing the way people live in other, poorer countries. The New Imperialism takes on effects in the late 19th century this is when there is an interest or wanting to gain a imperial territory, Imperialism is also consider to be when there is a desire to control a trading routes and resources in a nation. A perfect example of the New Imperialism is called the Scramble for Africa, this is when Europe tries to takes control over Africa. In the late 19th century Europe struggle to destabilize and to balance the power that they once had before Italy and Germany became unify. The rise of many non EuropeanShow MoreRelated The Compelling Motives of European Imperialism Essay794 Words   |  4 PagesThe Compelling Motives of Imperialism The presence of Europe in Africa in the late nineteenth century was one of extreme power. The countries of France, Britain, and Germany had especially large claims to the African continent during this time. The motives of imperialism for these countries greatly define Europe at this time. Insatiable desires for economic markets, power and political struggles, the motivating belief in Social Darwinism, and the European idea of superiority were the drivingRead MoreTo What Extent Was Late Nineteenth-Century and Early Twentieth-Century United States Expansionism a Continuation of Past United States Expansionism and to What Extent Was It a Departure?1184 Words   |  5 PagesTo what extent was late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century United States expansionism a continuation of past United States expansionism and to what extent was it a departure? Throughout the history of the United States, America had a desire to expand its boundaries. The United States acquired most of its land during the nineteenth and early twentieth century with a brief break during the Civil War and Reconstruction. However, the way America went about graining new lands drasticallyRead MoreNotes on Colonialism and Imperialism1489 Words   |  6 PagesChapter 33 Notes * Foundations of empire * Motives of imperialism * Modern imperialism * Refers to domination of industrialized countries over subject lands * Domination achieved through trade, investment, and business activities * Two types of modern colonialism * Colonies ruled and populated by migrants * Colonies controlled by imperial powers without significant settlement * Economic motives of imperialism * European merchants and entrepreneurs made personalRead MoreWhat attracted European imperialism to Africa to Asia in the late nineteenth century.1585 Words   |  7 PagesMortimer Chambers et al define imperialism as a European state s intervention in and continuing domination over a non-European territory. During the Scramble for Africa in the late nineteenth century, the most powerful European nations desired to conquer, dominate and exploit African colonies with the hope of building an empire. According to Derrick Murphy, in 1875 only ten percent of Africa was occupied by European states. Twenty years later only ten percent remained unoccupied. There wereRead MoreAmerican Imperialism the United States (U.S.)1562 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century’s the United States (U.S.) pursued an aggressive policy of expansionism extending its political and economic influence around the world. What is imperialism? Why this policy was adopted and how it was rationalized. The major events that took place and which countries of the world the U.S. became involved due to this policy. Finally, we will see, not everyone supported foreign affairs by theRead MoreThe Colonization Of Africa During The Late Nineteenth Century936 Words   |  4 PagesImperialism occurs when a strong nation takes over a weaker nation or region for economic, political, or social reasons. This type of foreign policy was practiced by European nations throughout the 1800s and early 1900s. Began in 1870s, Europeans started to colonize Asia and Africa by using military force to take control of local governments and exploited local economies for raw materials required by Europe’s growing industry. The takeover of Africa during the late nineteenth century has been knownRead MoreAmerica s Hunger For Land And Power1166 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom Russia in 1867, the U.S. achieved little in the area of foreign expansion at this time. However, by the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century, United States expansionism looked abroad with new interest, because, as a rising industrial power, the U.S. needed to find foreign markets in which to sell its manufactured products and from which to acquire raw goods. This new age of United States expansionism was a continuation of past expansionism. America s hunger for land and powerRead MoreCauses Of Imperialism1107 Words   |  5 PagesImperialism Essay Growing up, many children play the board game â€Å"Battleship,† where a player’s main goal is to conquer his opponent’s ships and, eventually, land. Similarly, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the nation of Europe and other countries took over and influenced countries that they believed were inferior to them. This process, known as imperialism, is defined as â€Å"a policy of extending a countrys power and influence through diplomacy or military force† (googleRead MoreImperialism in the 19th century1746 Words   |  7 Pagesgreat deal of Imperialism in the 19th century, led by mostly westerners from Europe. Imperialism is the act in which one nation extends its rule over another. Imperialism had a substantial effect on the 19th century throughout the entire world by bringing upon changes to many different countries, for better and for worse, especially to Africa. Prior to the nineteenth century, westerners did interfere with many of the affairs of nations outside of their boarders, so signs of imperialism are shown manyRead More Comparing Colonialism and Imperialism in Heart of Darkness and Kiplings Poetry1515 Words   |  7 PagesImperialism in Heart of Darkness and Kiplings Poetry   Ã‚  Ã‚   Imperialism sprung from an altruistic and unselfish aim to take up the white mans burden1 and â€Å"wean [the] ignorant millions from their horrid ways.†2 These two citations are, of course, from Kipling’s â€Å"White Man’s Burden† and Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, respectively, and they splendidly encompass what British and European imperialism was about – at least seen from the late-nineteenth century point of view. This essay seeks to explore

Oil and Gas Industry in Kazakhastan Free Essays

Kazakhstan is one of Central Asia’s most successful and dynamic economies. More than hundred U.S. We will write a custom essay sample on Oil and Gas Industry in Kazakhastan or any similar topic only for you Order Now companies are operating in this country, through subsidiaries, JVs, liasion offices or as contractors. While most of them are found in the energy sector, many of them are service sector firms (e.g. international law firms, accounting firms, Banks like Citibank, American Express bank etc.). There are companies in telecom, sector, consumer goods and others. Kazakhastan provides excellent business opportunities in the fields of Oil and Gas, Power, Telecom, Medical instruments, Controlling Pollution, Agro-Machinery, Food, Construction and Mining. Kazakhstan has implemented important structural reforms during the past few years with an objective to transform its economy into a robust, market-driven business environment. However, some of the issues concering the development are- corruption, inconsistent customs regulations, inconsistency in interpretation of law, red tapism, work permit limitations for managerial and technical staff, amendments in laws increasing government interference etc. Many of these concerns are on legal innovations, which are aimed at creating changes in prevailing contracts e.g. â€Å"the Government has recently adopted legislation giving it preemptive rights in both existing and future contracts in the event that shareholders in oil field consortia want to sell shares, even if other partners have a contractual right of first offer†. Similarly, the Government adopted a telecom regulation that limited foreign equity in telecom companies to forty-nine percent.   (http://www.buyusa.gov/kazakhstan/ en/doing_business_kazakhstan.html) Kazakhstan is perceived as an evolving economy surmounting the heritage of the Soviet economy through constant dedication to economic liberalization and upholding a striking investment climate through practical policy choices and support with the West. The IMF called Kazakhstan’s firm macroeconomic stabilization actions â€Å"appropriate and far-sighted.† Of all the ex-Soviet economies, Kazakhstan is rated first in FDI as a percentage of gross domestic produce and next only to Hungary in per capita foreign direct investment. Because of its thriving reforms, liberal trade practices, and capability to draw external financing, the economy is booming. Kazakhstan is a signatory to the World Trade Organization. (http://www.kazakhembus.com/Stable_Free_Market_Economy.html) Kazakhstan’s economy registered a growth rate of 8.5% in 2006. GDP grew by 9.4 percent in 2005, by 9.1 percent in 2004, by 9.2 percent in 2003 and by 9.5 percent in 2002. Kazakhstan’s financial policy has been well administered. Since 2001, the inflation has been under check and well controlled. In 2006, it was 8.6 percent, 7.5 percent in 2005 and during 2001-2003 it was 6.4 percent, 6.6 percent and 6.8 percent respectively. Due to strong macroeconomic show and financial strength, Kazakhstan became the first former Soviet country to settle all of its debt to IMF in 2000, seven years before schedule. The U.S. Department of Commerce has recognized Kazakhstan as a market economy under U.S. trade law since 2002. This is the result of effective market economy reforms in the domains of â€Å"currency convertibility, wage rate determination, openness to foreign investment, and government control over the means of production and allocation of resources†. Kazakhstan became the first economy from the ex- Soviet Union to get an â€Å"investment-grade† credit rating from a leading global credit rating agency in 2002. Projected external borrowings in 2005 were $41.66 billion. In 2004, Kazakhstan’s gross foreign borrowings were approximately $26.03 billion. Kazakhstan has been able to check the ratio of borrowings to Gross Domestic Produce in recent years. In 2005, total governmental debt was 8.9 percent of GDP whereas this ratio in 2000 stood at 21.7 percent of GDP. Kazakhstan has copious natural wealth with a whole prospective value projected at $8.7 trillion. Specially, Kazakhstan’s hydrocarbon reserves are enormous and are expected to be next only to Saudi Arabia and Iraq. Oil and gas is the most important economic sector. Oil exports have pushed the economic development and have already drawn considerable international investment of over US$ 8 billion since 1993. The Tengiz oil field, was promoted by the TengizChevrOil a joint venture company established by the Kazak government and Chevron in 1993. Exxon Mobil and LukArco have also joined the venture to further develop the said project. TegizChevrOil is the major foreign venture in Kazakhstan. Though Kazakhstan’s present oil output of nearly 1.2 million barrels/day is comparitively small, oil reserves found offshore in the North Caspian, together with onshore sites currently being developed, put it among major oil exporter over the medium term. The total output of oil and gas condensate in the country totaled to 61.9 million tons in the year 2005 registering a growth of 4.3 percent over 2004. Total exports of oil and gas condensate were 52.4 million tons per annum in both 2004 and 2005. The total output of natural gas in Kazakhstan in 2005 equaled 14.5 billion cubic meters, registering a growth of 25 percent over the same in 2004. Kazakhstan has reserves of about 4 billion tons of confirmed recoverable oil and 3 trillion cubic meters of gas. Industry forecaster consider that planned development of oil production, together with the expansion of new fields, will facilitate the country to generate as much as three million barrels per day by the year 2015, elating Kazakhstan into the position among the world’s top ten oil-producing countries. Kazakhstan’s exported oil valued at US$17.4 billion in 2005, which constituted 70% of total exports from the country. In Kazakhstan, most important oil and gas fields and their producible oil reserves are: â€Å"Tengiz (7 billion barrels); Karachaganak (8 billion barrels and 1,350 billion cubic meters of natural gas); and Kashagan (7-9 billion barrels)†. From 2004, the Government of Kazakhstan augmented its catch of oil deals by rising levy of new oil projects. (http://www.kazakhembus.com/Enormous_Energy_Reserves.html) It was in 1899, when oil was first revealed in Atyrau. Since then, the affiliation with the West has been essential to energy resource growth in Kazakhstan. The first oil well, â€Å"Karachungul well†, had a depth of about forty meter and daily produced approximately 150 barrels. Alfred Nobel had developed it in association with Russian industrial companies. This grew to fifteen operating wells 1912, and each well generated about 306-346 barrels per day usually. The new development also included a transit system for transporting 5,453 barrels of oil to Baku per annum through barge. While the appropriate progress of Kazakhstan’s vast oil reserves has been sporadic due to two world wars, a uprising and the conclusion of the Soviet Union, the reality of deep wells and the growth of shipping solutions have remained fundamental to Kazakhstan’s energy equation. Apart from the major oil reserves, â€Å"Karachaganak also has 500 billion cubic meters of natural gas†. The potentially biggest recent discovery of major hydrocarbon reserves is the offshore â€Å"Kashagan† structure. The reserves at this site are expected to be three times more than Tengiz. The group, developing this two thousand  square mile block fourteen thousand feet below the Caspian sea bed comprises of nine companies: â€Å"BP Amoco, ENI, British Gas, Mobil, Shell, Total Fina Elf, Phillips, Statoil and Inpex†. The forecasted extractable reserves of oil are projected to be 7.8 billion tons, and those of natural gas 7.1 billions cubic meter. About seventy percent of these resources are gathered in the western parts of Kazakhstan, and the greater part of the reserves are associated with salt fields and have been found at depths of over 5000 meters. The envisaged reserves of the Kazakhstan part of the Caspian shelf are projected to be around thirteen billion tons of standard fuel but the successful expansion of the Caspian fields necessitates a considerable amount of investment. According to industry experts, the total required investment could be as high as $160 billion, which includes an amount of about $10 billion for the preliminary stage of exploration, including field assessment. As on now, western companies have already pumped in more than US$7 billion. Some limitations to getting investments for discovering the Caspian shelf had been the need of a clarification to the status of Caspian Sea. With signing of the agreement between Kazakhstan and Russia to partition the seafloor of the Caspian along the midline between the two countries, the issue appears to have been resolved. Similar agreements have been signed between Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan, and Azerbaijan and Russia. Envisaged reserves of the Aral basin stand for about two billion tons of standard fuel. The high gas and oil prospective and encouraging geographic location in respect of the basic transportation of groundwater routes makes the Aral basin one of the most significant area with respect to the prospective oil discovery operations. In spite of Kazakhstan’s considerable oil and gas resources, the production and export of hydrocarbons has been inhibited by Kazakhstan’s land-locked position and its considerable reliance on domestic and Russia’s shipping networks for export routes. Kazakhstan is dedicated to the expansion of multiple oil export routes, in order to sustain its impending oil resources of 100-110 billion barrels.   A wide-ranging understanding with the national pipeline operator, Kaztransoil CJSC can be made in order to gain access to the main pipeline system by agreeing to   shipment schedules by the Kazakhstani oil producers. Due to the inadequate capability of the Kazakhstani pipeline system, right to use to the pipeline is established as per the ratio of a particular oil producer’s contribution in the total quantity of oil to be produced in Kazakhstan in a given year. Presently, there are only two in service pipelines: â€Å"the Atyrau-Samara pipeline connects Kazakhstan to the Russian export network, while the CPC pipeline (Tengiz-Novorossiisk) connects the Tengiz field with the Russian port of Novorossiisk on the Black Sea†. Although there are it is largely privately owned pipeline but Russia reserves the right to suspend and enforce limitations on the stream of Kazakhstani oil from the Atyrau-Samara pipeline into Russian transportation network. More importantly, Russian organizations usually have priority access to their export terminals. By becoming a partner to the international BTC (Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan) Consortium that have built a 1,730-kilometer export pipeline with an annual capac ity of 50 million tones, Kazakhstan can improve the scenario. (http://www.kazakhembus.com/Oil.html) The services of nationals and foreign nationals in Kazakhstan are monitored by the Labor Laws, labor relations are monitored by individual employment agreements and, if applicable, collective labor contracts. Employment agreements must be in writing and must obey the rules to the minimum standards prescribed by the Labor Law. Companies usually face problems in hiring managerial and technical staff. Further, they even have to obtain permits to get overseas workers. Kazakhstan has delivered continueous economic development for several years, particularly given the increasing significance of the Caspian Basin as a source for petrochemicals. While the rate of its economic reforms has recently slowed down,   Kazakhstan’s promise to continue and further push the structural transformations aimed at changing its economy into a more market-driven business climate remains of vital importance. Prospective international investors and exporters will prefer to see more repeated and many more success stories in this market in order to invest in the Kazakhstan’s economy. In spite the several issues that still need to be addressed, in this Central Asian country, an increasing number of the U.S. enterprises is of the opinion that Kazakhstan deserves a serious thought by the U.S. exporters. More importantly, considering the strategic significance of the country, it is important for them to be here for being competitive in Central Asia. Resources http://www.kazakhembus.com/Oil.html http://www.allbusiness.com/mining/oil-gas-extraction-crude-petroleum-natural/235547-1.html?yahss=114-2974554-235547 http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5487.htm http://www.bakernet.com/NR/rdonlyres/1E007228-ED7E-4475-8ED7-0BDBA7B76FD3/38334/DBIKazakhstanJan2005.pdf http://www.buyusa.gov/kazakhstan/en/doing_business_kazakhstan.html http://www.cioc.com/ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7015361.stm How to cite Oil and Gas Industry in Kazakhastan, Essay examples

Exercise Physiology

Questions: 1.Describe the structure and function of the physiological systems studied and explain how these respond to sport and exercise.2. Explain the integration of the physiological systems studied during sport and exercise.3. Explain how the limitations of physiological response may limit sport and exercise performance. Answers: 1. Function of Cardiovascular and Respiratory System: Heart is comprised of the arteries, arterioles, capillaries and veins. Heart is a muscular organ acts as pump. Through the arteries and arterioles, heart supplies oxygen and nutrients to the other parts of the body. At the same time heart, receives impure blood with carbon dioxide and waste material. Upper chambers of the heart receive blood and lower chamber pumps out the blood. Respiratory system comprises of different parts like lungs, diaphragm and nasal cavity. Main function of the respiratory system is to transport oxygen to muscles and tissues as well carbon dioxide from muscles and tissues. At the time exercise, respiratory system helps to meet oxygen demand of working muscles (Larry et al., 2015). Exercise: Exercise like running and swimming augments need of muscle for oxygen and nutrients. There is deep breathing and pulse rate increases when person is performing exercise. When a persons physiology is not normal, then cardiovascular system doesnt adopt to these changes easily. Hence, such persons feel tired very easily with moderate exercise also. There is increased production of energy during exercise because of skeletal movements and contractions. Body produces carbon dioxide as the toxic byproduct during exercise (Ehrman, 2009). Cardiovascular System: At the time of exercise, adrenal gland increases production of adrenaline and noradrenaline which affects the functioning of heart. These hormones act on heart by influencing sympathetic nerves. During the duration of moderate to intense exercise, heart rate increases rapidly and heart pumps more volume of blood. At the time of exercise, sympathetic nerves act on veins and veins get constricted which results in the return of more blood to the heart. This results in the increase in stroke volume by approximately 30 to 40 %. Consequently, there is the increase in the systolic blood pressure and increase in the blood volume (Peanha et al., 2016; Besnier et al., 2016). Along with volume, there is also increase in the speed of the blood flow through the blood capillaries. Due to increased blood flow, there is the increase in diameter of the blood capillaries. During exercise, blood flowing through the veins should not flow in the reverse direction. Diastolic pressure falls during moderate exercise because capillaries and veins relax and dilate during the duration of exercise. Even though, there is increase in the heart rate during exercise, there is decrease in heart rate after long exercise (Bell, 2008). In normal person heart rate is around 72 beats per minute, however heart rate increase upto 200 beats per minute during exercise. Because heart is a muscle and it becomes acquired with the exercise activity and need less work to pump oxygenated blood. In long term exercise, this condition can be observed both during exercise and after completion of exercise. There can be increase in heart rate during long term exercise but it would not be sharp increase due to the strengthening of the heart (Roh et al., 2016). During exercise, working muscles are the main focus of the circulatory system. Circulatory system prevents blood flow to the resting organs and tissues like tissues of the digestive system. During exercise, circulatory system delivers maximum number of nutrients to the skeletal system. There is increase in the capillary bed in muscle during exercise and circulatory system delivers 12 times more blood during exercise. Main reason for increase in the blood pressure during exercis e is nutrient rich blood (Larry et al., 2015). Respiratory System: Due to the increased amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide during exercise, there is increased respiratory rate and rate of breathing also increased. During exercise, there is increased stimulation of sympathetic nerves which results in the stimulation of the respiratory muscles and increase in the respiratory rate. During exercise, respiratory rate increase form 14 beat per minute to around 32 beat per minute. Tidal volume also increases during exercise. During normal condition tidal volume is approximately 0.5 liter and during exercises this tidal volume increase upto 4-5 liter. In normal condition human can take up to 0.35 liter of Oxygen per minute however, in case of exercise it can increase up to 3.5 liter per minute. It has been reported that, oxygen intake can be increased up to 6 liters per minute based on the fitness level of the individual. There is increased work for ribcage muscles and diaphragm during exercise (Plowman and Smith, 2007). Approximately 40 50 % changes occur in the intrathorasic pressure during exercise. This increased respiratory rate helps in allowing more oxygen to enter lungs and blood. Consequently, blood can deliver more oxygen to the working muscles during exercise (Porcari et al., 2015). In long term, exercise helps respiratory system to adapt to the physiological adaptations. As a result, there is augmentation in the efficiency of the respiratory system and removal of metabolic by-products. With this increased efficiency, respiratory system can transport and deliver more oxygen to the working muscles. Long term oxygen efficiency of respiratory system generally measured using VO2 max test which is a test for maximum rate of oxygen consumption during incremental exercise. During exercise, there is improvement in the VO2 max. During exercise, there is increased metabolic by-product due to cellular respiration. At the same time, there is increase in the carbon dioxide due to compensate for these acidic byproducts. As there is increased production of carbon dioxide in the body, person should breath faster to expel produced carbon dioxide (West, 2012). During long term exercise, there could be intensified respiratory rate however, there would not be difficulty in the respiration due to strengthening of the lungs. Respiratory rate of the body remains elevated after the completion of the exercise. This event is known as Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC). This EPOC phenomenon occurs because, body tries to bring back physiology to normal homeostatic condition and resting state similar to prior to exercise. This surplus oxygen consumption helps body to refill energy reserve, make oxygen and hormone level in the blood to normal level, maintain normal body temperature and ventilation. Duration of EPOC can vary from few minutes to 24 hrs based on the type of exercise (Larry et al., 2015). 2. Exercise enforces enormous stress on the physiology of the person. Hence, different physiological functions should act in coordination to get maximum benefit with lesser stress. Exercise produces multiple effects on the cardiopulmonary system. There is increased work load on the cardiopulmonary system during exercise. Both cardiovascular and respiratory system works towards the same goal. Goal of these two systems is to delivery oxygen to the tissues and extract carbon dioxide form the tissues during exercise. Respiratory system gets fresh oxygen from the air during inhalation. This oxygen transported to the blood with low oxygen level through alveoli. At the same time, carbon dioxide from the blood gets transported to the lungs. This fresh oxygen received by the respiratory system gets transported to the different parts of the body by virtue of cardiovascular system. In this way, both cardiovascular and respiratory systems work together. If there is hypertrophy of muscle, blood c apillaries and mitochondria, it would lead to the increased circulatory capacity and increased oxygen transport to the tissues. However, increase in the circulatory function to the greater extent during exercise may lead to the requirement of the greater structural demand. This increase in the structural demand lead to the exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage (Gregory and Travis, 2015). Respiratory system utilize parts of cardiovascular system like heart, blood and blood vessels for the transport of the oxygen and carbon dioxide. During exercise, there is increase in both the heart beats and breathing rate. This is due to increased demand for the oxygen. Circulatory system has chemoreceptors and these chemoreceptors detect alteration in the oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration in the blood. These chemoreceptors send danger signal of increased carbon dioxide level in the blood. Brain sends signals to increase respiration rate, in response to increased carbon dioxide level in the blood (Hawley et al., 2014). During exercise, veins of the circulatory system should work more to circulate waste product to the heart. Consequently, heart contracts and pumps blood into the pulmonary artery. Lungs absorb this carbon dioxide and exhale this carbon dioxide outside the body. It has been observed that, there is increase in the pulmonary vasodilation during exercise (Margarite lis et al., 2016). There are three different phases of cardiorespiratory response occurs during exercise. Phase 1 response is rapid and it occurs prior to initial 15 seconds. This rapid response in phase 1 is mainly due to the neural control mechanisms. Second phase of cardiorespiratory response occurs between 15 s to 3 minute and in this phase 2 there is slower increase in the cardiorespiratory response. Generally, period after 3 minutes is considered as the steady state for the cardiorespiratory response. At the end of the exercise, both breathing rate and heart gradually return to the normal. This gradual normalization of the heart rate and breathing rate is called as recovery period. This recovery period for cardiovascular and respiratory system is faster in people who exercise as compared to the people who do not perform exercise. After completion of the exercise, this cool down period is necessary for heart and lung. This cooling down period should be gradual and light exercise like stretches and motion exercises can be incorporated during this period. Sudden stopping of the muscle activity can result in the decrease in the blood pressure below normal level and results in the dizziness and lightheadness. This steady state of the cardiorespiratory system can be achieved by integration of neural and humoral mechanisms. Nueral mechanisms involved in the regulation of the cardiorespiratory system are feedback reflex from the working muscle and feedforward motor action generated from the central nervous system. It reflects central nervous system command and muscle afferent information work in coordination during exercise for effective utilization of the cardiorespiratory system. If there is more exercise, this system become more efficient. These two system work together for efficient transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide during exercise. During exercise there is more production of heat in the body (Periard et al., 2016). During this period of EPOC, bodies necessitate surplus en ergy to activate the cooling system of the body. Ventilation and heart rate also requires more energy during the period of EPOC. 3. In persons with chronic blood pressure, there is damage of the blood vessels and this lead to the arteries with plaque. Due to the presence of this plaque, there is limitation of the blood flow to the muscles. As a result, muscles dont receive oxygen during the exercise. More serious case occurs, when there is narrowing of coronary artery, which result in the pain in chest during the exercise. In persons with univentricular circulation, there is significant decrease in the exercise capability of the person. During exercise, there is increased work demand on the right ventricle (RV). There is decreased cardiac output in the patients with heart failure during exercise. To increase cardiac output, there should be more contractibility for RV as compared to the LV. In case of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, pulmonary circulation prevents cardiac output. Generally impairment in the tolerance of exercise, is due to the diastolic dysfunction. This diastolic dysfunction is due to the i nsufficient filling of LV and damage to the LV myocardium. Insufficient filling of LV is due to the reduction in preload. As compared to the systemic circulation, there is increased pulmonary vascular pressure. It reflects there is more workload on the RV and cardiac fatigue due to exercise (Brown et a., 2012; LeMura and Von Duvillard, 2004). As compared to the heart, respiratory system of the heart is not usually considered as the limitation for exercise in the normal person. This strength of respiratory system is due to capacity of the system to manage increased requirement for ventilation and gas exchange during heavy exercise (Szabo et a., 2015). There are different reasons for the impaired transport of oxygen to the working muscles in the exercise. First, is the failure of the respiratory system to prevent arterial desaturation and there is alteration in the oxygen content in the arteries. This increased Arterial Oxyhaemoglobin desaturation is due to the inadequate hyperventilation during exercise. This inadequate hyperventilation is due to decreased chemo responsiveness as a result of decreased circulating chemical agents like adenosine, catecholamines and proteins. Second, is the respiratory muscle work fatigue due to heavy exercise. This respiratory muscle fatigue mainly occurs due to the increase in activity of b oth inspiratory and expiratory muscle. This results in the sympathetic system mediated limb-muscle vasculature vasoconstriction and alteration in the blood flow to the leg. Third, is the unwarranted fluctuations in the intrathoracic pressure and consequent alteration in the cardiac output and blood flow to the leg. These fluctuations in the intrathoracic pressure also results in the exposure of heart and large blood vessels to the considerable oscillatory pressure. Due to this impaired oxygen transport, there is decreased VO2 max and reduced endurance capacity of the individual. At higher altitude, limitations of respiratory system are more during exercise. At higher altitude, there is decreased arterial content and increased fatigue of the respiratory muscle (Ehrman, 2009; Amann, 2012). Enhanced oxygen delivery to the tissues during exercise is mainly limited by the central factors such as heart, lung and blood vessels and peripheral factor such as tissue extraction of oxygen. There are also physiological factors responsible for the limitation of the oxygen delivery and these include pulmonary diffusion, efficiency of cardiac output, amount of blood flow and rate of blood flow (Bassett and Howley, 2000). During exercise, there is the increased amount of cardiac output. Due to this, there are fewer periods for blood to accept oxygen in the lungs and consequently lower oxygen saturation in the blood. It has been estimated that around, 80 % of the limitation of the oxygen delivery to the tissues is due to increased cardiac output. In peripheral region main limiting factors responsible for the oxygen extraction of tissue are muscle diffusion capacity, mitochondrial enzymes responsible for the ATP production and blood capillary density at the muscle. Oxygen delivery to t he muscle mainly depends on the gradient mechanism. During exercise there is increase in the mitochondrial enzymes and consequently peripheral limitation to the oxygen delivery to the muscle. Central factors are more important for delivery of oxygen to tissues as compared to the peripheral factors (Robergs, 2001). Thus, cardiovascular and respiratory systems are two most important systems plays important role in the exercise and sports in an individual. References: Amann, M. (2012). Pulmonary System Limitations To Endurance Exercise Performance In Human Experimental Physiology, 97(3), pp. 311318. Bassett, D.R., JR., and Howley, E.T. (2000). Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance. 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